Family Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Family Sociology - Essay Example As per the NSCFC (2010), the family framework in UK has experienced numerous strong changes during the previous fifty years. As indicated by their insights, fifty years back just 25 percent of individuals over thirty were single, anyway this rate has reached to 55% in 2007. The control of Sociology sees the family similar to the essential unit of society (Bernardes, 1997). The possibility of family unit is very amazing; it incorporates the accuracy of sexual orientation explicit jobs and furthermore the obligation of guardians with respect to the prosperity and childhood of youngsters (Muncie, 1995; refered to in Bernardes, 1997). Migration, mechanical turn of events, financial weight, homosexuality and expanded broken and dislodged families have made extraordinary decent variety among the UK family framework (Diversity in families and family units, 2010). Ethnic families are progressively stretched out when contrasted with British families that are increasingly atomic. Isolated and reconstituted families are additionally regular in which kids from various guardians need to live with their progression kin. In secularized nations, the family is more dwelling together based than lawful marriage based and gay co habituation is likewise normal (Cheal, 2002). As indicated by Bernardes (1997), it is a typical discernment among individuals that a family comprises of a heterogeneous couple, with few sound children, where the ladies have the essential assignment of care taking and might be infrequent strong pay source and the men have the genuine bread winning errand. Ladies having little youngsters are generally monetarily reliant on men and are not a piece of the paid work world by any stretch of the imagination (Allan, 1999). When an infant is conceived, the ladies are compelled to remain at home and care for the youthful one, while men are relied upon to acquire enough to accommodate the family. This grabs the benefit of being paid for work from the ladies regardless of the way that they work at home as much as men do

How did Tolstoy have such a fascinating insight to every level of society Free Essays

Leo Tolstoy, - a Russian author, a social and good thinker and perhaps the best essayist ever lived during the time of authenticity. The vast majority of his works present the peruser to Russian life in the mid nineteenth century and some of them manage Russia’s previous history or social framework. How did Tolstoy have such a captivating knowledge to each degree of society? How did history or the individuals around him impact his composition? In what ways did he, himself impact individuals through his composition? For what reason do individuals, today read his works everywhere throughout the world? Leo Tolstoy was conceived on September 9, 1828, at Yasnaya Polyana, his parents’ domain near Moscow. We will compose a custom paper test on How did Tolstoy have such an entrancing knowledge to each degree of society? or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now His mom passed on when he was two years of age. His dad was a landowning aristocrat, and he passed on when his child turned nine. Stranded at an early age, Tolstoy was raised by his auntie, a profoundly strict lady. The youthful Tolstoy got his first instruction from German and French coaches who showed him at home. Having decent instruction appeared to be extremely significant in his eyes, so he went to a college where he examined law and dialects. In the wake of having lost intrigue and contradicting a portion of the instructors, he left without a degree and returned to his family’s old bequest to proceed with the family convention. (McGraw-Hill, p. 481) There he set out to change the flawed Russian culture. During his school years Tolstoy went over some popular works of Jean Jacques Rousseau. The expressions of the French political scholar, who lived during the long stretches of Enlightment, had a colossal effect on the youthful Tolstoy. Rousseau had extraordinary trust in the everyday citizens, the individuals who were generally looked somewhere around higher society. He contended for fairness and required the abrogation of all titles of rank and honorability. Tolstoy enjoyed these perspectives and concurred with a large portion of them. He, as well, had confidence in the lower classes and unmistakably observed the flaws of respectability. â€Å"Man is brought into the world free, and wherever is in chains,† was his preferred statement from Rousseau. (World History, p. 435) But never would he have envisioned what sort of a contention he got himself into by communicating his perspectives on society. Tolstoy saw the dispersal and indulgence of high society, and furthermore the shameful acts and neediness of serfs. Serfs were the individuals compelled to take a shot at the land in Russia’s primitive framework. The primitive framework in Russia implied that poor families got land, food and lodging from an aristocrat, and they worked and served him consequently. These individuals were dealt with seriously, they lived among loathsome conditions and they had no desire for consistently improving their state of life since they never got any training. Tolstoy obviously observed the shameful acts of this circumstance and he was disheartened to see ages of individuals condemned to working for another person with no chance to get out. He was resolved to turn into a model rancher and a â€Å"father† to his serfs. (McGraw-Hill, p. 481) He made a trip to France and Germany and visited a few dozen grade schools across Europe. At long last, Tolstoy set up a school for worker youngsters, giving them an approach to get away from their fate. Due to these activities Tolstoy became in struggle with higher society, which was troubled about the expanding consciousness of serfs. His family likewise restricted his liberality; his better half was particularly irritated on account of her husband’s good cause towards poor people. Tolstoy wedded his better half when he was 34 and Sofya Andreyevna Bers was 16 years more youthful then her significant other. She was a savvy, solid willed lady who gave Tolstoy extraordinary bliss and 13 kids. Tolstoy kept on working with his serfs and persuaded his companions and others around him to attempt to better the life of the work power. To everyone’s awe his domain flourished under the new framework where serfs were paid and given training and they lived among better conditions. By rolling out these improvements in his estate’s monetary life and overseeing it effectively, he persuaded numerous different landowners to improve, as well. After the introduction of his youngsters, Tolstoy had his own family to consider. In spite of the fact that he never had budgetary issues, he needed to give a living to his rapidly developing family. In the following 15 years he raised a huge family and as a departure from ordinary issues into the past he composed his two biggest books: War and Peace and Anna Karenina. War and Peace speaks to a high point in Tolstoy’s life. It is the narrative of 1812 when Napoleon, a French general assaulted Russia. The story contains 559 characters; significant military fights and depicts of truly popular individuals. The principle subject, anyway is the changing existences of four Russian blue-blooded families. Its general message is love of life in all conditions which was propelled by Tolstoy’s individual satisfaction. The shorter novel of Anna Karenina additionally manages high Russian culture, yet it is to a greater extent a mental work than any of his different pieces. This epic gives the peruser the possibility that Tolstoy extraordinarily opposes learnedness and urban complexity and is tormented by the crucial people in this world (http://www. geocities. com/Athens/Acropolis/6681/tolstoyb. tm). War and Peace and Anna Karenina practically depicts Russian culture in the mid nineteenth century and most likely that is the motivation behind why each age of individuals everywhere throughout the world appreciate Tolstoy’s works. The following 15 years were gone through with looking for a definitive significance of life. Tolstoy experienced a genuine, enduring otherworldly emergency that brought forth two of his lesser-known works: Confession and Critique of Dogmatic Theology. In these compositions he boldly assaulted social imbalance and a definitive forces of government and church. His life was increasingly more overwhelmed by the longing to accomplish social equity and a worthy arrangement of good standards. As of now he got associated with open issues and took part in numerous get-togethers. During this period Tolstoy’s relationship with his family got antagonized. He anticipated parting with all his riches, however his better half would not know about it. She would not share the idea of her better half that by doing beneficial things to others may assist you with accomplishing comprehension of the significance of life. At long last, they arrived at a trade off and Sofya got the copyright to every one of his works before 1881. McGraw-Hill, p. 483) Tolstoy’s a years ago were loaded up with his overall festival, however they got him extraordinary misery. During these years he lived a long way from the world, and had a peaceful existence. Dismissing the establishments of Russian culture and religion he built up his own religion in which he clarified that God lives in all individuals. The Eastern Orthodox Church for his perspective on God suspended Tolstoy. At 82 years old, in 1910, progressively tormented by his own convictions, strict mistreatment, his own riches and by the miserable squabbles with his better half, he chose to leave his family. He set out on his last journey looking for legitimization and truth. After three days he became sick and kicked the bucket on November 20, in the home of a station director. He was later covered at his dear Yasnaya Polyana, where he burned through the vast majority of his most joyful years. Tolstoy profited by numerous things he got in his adolescence. At the point when remote educators mentored him he took in their dialects totally. In this way he knew Russian, his local language, and he communicated in French and German flawlessly, as well. He later applied this information in his books, writing in every one of the three dialects. The idea of God and the reason and significance of religion grieved Tolstoy for a mind-blowing duration. He had consistently been looking for the idea of right or wrong, yet never could accomplish a comprehension of the issue. Tolstoy’ on thoughts on religion and on harmlessness to detestable impacted Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. Both of these men battled peacefully for rights and the prosperity of their kin: Gandhi in India against the British and Luther King for fairness for blacks. Different celebrated Russian creators of this period were Fyodor Dostoevsky and Ivan Turgenev. McGraw-Hill, p. 484) Tolstoy’s life appears to be a smidgen of battle at certain focuses, yet he truly gave a great deal to this world. He had an immense effect by disposing of his feelings and doing what he thought was best for society. He even had the fearlessness to communicate his perspectives that were not invited by the greater part of the individuals around him. Tolstoy is known for his books, nonetheless, that got him overall praise in his living, however he is as yet commended today as one of the world’s most prominent writer everything being equal. The most effective method to refer to How did Tolstoy have such a captivating understanding to each degree of society?, Papers

The 8 Steps to Getting on the CEOs Radar (in a Good Way!)

The 8 Steps to Getting on the CEOs Radar (in a Good Way!) It’s widely understood that promotions come from above. Someone at the top must notice you in order to invite you to a higher place.In the workplace environment, the person at the top could be your team leader, supervisor, immediate manager or even the CEO.The person giving you the promotion matters. The higher he is, the better for you. Not only can there be no-one to challenge your progress, but there are also more benefits.In your quest for career growth, who do you look to for approval?Whereas it’s perfectly okay to look to your immediate manager, it’s a good thing to have higher ambitions.For instance, you may be in the retail industry working as a cashier. Your desire and goal is to one day become the branch manager. In this case, if you look to your immediate managerâ€"the current branch managerâ€"how far will you go?Unless your manager leaves and recommends you as the replacement, you may not achieve your goal.GETTING ON THE CEOs RADARThis doesn’t mean that you start disrespecting your manager and telling him how you plan to overtake him. Wisdom is always key in everything.Respect your manager and seek to make him look good through your hard work and the results. At the same time, try doing the kind of things which will get those above him to notice you.These are the things we will discuss in this article.Doing them will not only make your current manager look good, but will also get you noticed by the higher authority.Being on the CEOs radar screen will get you rising faster than you expected.1. Be confidentFirst of all, the position of a CEO is that of leadership. You CEO most likely got there after having proved himself in certain ways. One of those proofs is in the area of confidence. And true confidence is attracted to fellow confidence.Confidence is a big thing when it comes to being noticed by your CEO. He is looking for someone he can trust with carrying out difficult instructions and those lacking in confidence can’t do that.To unders tand the role of confidence, think of a situation which requires action but then no-one is willing to take it.Maybe handling the situation will mean offending some people. Maybe it means going against the grain, thus becoming unpopular.Unfortunately, in choosing to take no action so as to avoid losing friends, means you’re not yet ready to go higher.Successful people don’t have many friends.No matter how many followers they have on social media, real friends are few.That is because these people were willing to make sacrifices. They decided to go higher and leave the masses at the bottom. Source: Neil PatelGoing up means abandoning the normal, the accepted, the popular, the comfort zone and the easy. These sacrifices can only be made by those who believe in themselves.They know that they have what it takes to live a good life even without some people. They understand that in order to get to that life, they must be willing to be forsaken because of their unpopular decisions. They therefore make the necessary decisions, put in the required effort and get going.The CEO is looking for someone like that. Someone who isn’t afraid of making mistakes and being laughed at because he knows where he’s going. Someone who understands that the journey is tough, but is still willing to take it.Such people are very easy to pick up even in a crowd.Can you be that someone?Take some time and read about developing self-confidence.2. Work towards the big pictureIf you desire to be noticed by the CEO, you must work towards the big picture. To do that, you must first of all know it.What ’s the big picture?Yes, you’re working in the finance department. But is recording financial transactions and generating reports all you can do?If working in the procurement department, is the relationship with suppliers all there is to build?Get out of your comfort zone and find out what other departments do. If you stick only to what you’re employed to do, you’ll be too narrow-minded to cross the CEOs mind as a serious candidate for top leadership.Although the CEO may have specialized in management, that’s not all he knows. He is adequately conversant with matters finance, IT, inventory, marketing and everything his company does.Because of that, he can be trusted to steer the company to higher profits. For the one only good in IT, he can only get to IT manager. If the company is very big, he might become the CIO.You might be the person aiming for the CIO’s position.That’s fine.But before you get there, you need to prove that you understand how IT relates with and aff ects other departments.This understanding is what will show the CEO you can be trusted with more responsibilities. To know the bigger picture, befriend colleagues in other departments.However, don’t just leave it at that.Let them know that you find their work interesting.Not the kind of interesting that makes you want to change careers. No, the kind that means you would like there to be more partnership between your department and theirs.Look for opportunities to have both teams work together. Communicate to your own manager what opportunities you see in the partnership.If you know your manager to be insecure or negative, you don’t have to share the information. But upon being assigned some task requiring their input, mention the partnership. And give the other team the credit they deserve.This way, you will have them on your side if it comes to a vote between you and someone else.3. Show leadership capabilitiesConfidence is a primary necessity in leadership because of the kind of decisions you’ll be making. But there are other things required too.Some have confused between leadership and management. A leader is very different from a manager. We have covered this in more detail in our article about leadership and management.Here are some of the things you need to do or at least learn about for you to develop leadership abilities.Be visionary â€" you cannot be a leader if you’re not visionary. The name leader means that you’re leading people. And if leading, then there is a journey and a destination. The question is, where are you leading those who are following you? Being a visionary means that you have a vision.Although by working in the company you’re subjecting yourself to its vision, you can also have your own vision.Both for your personal career success and the company you’ll be working in if you’ll be leading it.When you get sufficiently close to the CEO, you can share this vision.If you get promoted to a higher office, you can work towar ds this vision as long as you align it with the overall company vision.Being visionary means that you know where you’re going and can lead people there. Therefore, when given the opportunity, you’ll not waste time but will quickly get things rolling.Build others up â€" true leadership will always build others up. The key word here is “true.” When a person in authority doesn’t build others up, especially those under him, it could mean he’s insecure. He lacks confidence. He fears being dethroned from his position.This kind of fear is not good for any work environment. The manager may use unethical means to keep people under his control in fear of losing power. This ultimately affects productivity and the whole company suffers. Though you can survive a toxic work environment, avoiding it is better.Handle different personalities well â€" people are different and uniquely so. But even then, there are great opportunities in knowing how to work with others. This first of all re quires a positive attitude towards the differences exhibited by people.If you’re confident in yourself and abilities, you’ll have no problem identifying and appreciating other people’s abilities.For example, you’ll be able to see someone with a strong will as a potential leader other than a rebel. The person who is more quiet and thoughtful will come across as a potential negotiator and PR specialist.When you show people that you appreciate them for who they are and are willing to work with them, you gain more approval. In their own lives, people will give you room to influence them since they believe that you have their interests at heart.This is something the CEO can notice. It won’t be   difficult for him to notice that people are listening to you and getting influenced by your great advice. That automatically reserves for you a seat of influence at the company.Be empathetic â€" empathy is a part of leadership. Empathy is the ability for you to identify or relate with s omeone else’s situation.If someone tells you what they’re going through and you’re able to relate with them (not necessarily understanding them), then you’re empathetic. This is an important aspect of leadership because you can’t build others up if you can’t relate with their challenges.If you don’t relate with someone’s challenges, then you can’t give them relevant advice.You will also be too quick to give them your opinion even when all they need is for you to just listen to them.This will create a disconnect and you won’t be able to lead them anywhere.4. Take responsibilityYou want to get on the CEOs radar? You need to learn to take responsibility.Take responsibility over the tasks and assignments you’ve been given. Take responsibility over mistakes you or your team makes. Simply put, don’t play the blame game.Taking responsibility means that you take complete ownership of the projects under your name. Any assignments are to be handled with the full realiz ation that failure is not an option.That should not mean that you’re expected to be perfect. Neither does it mean you should be afraid of failing.No. Failing is indeed part of learning. What this means is that you’re taking it upon yourself to ensure that you succeed.There will be a lot of sacrifices made here.You will have to go out of your way to ensure things work as they should because you understand that you are responsible.Taking a look at the CEOs role, there’s a big responsibility on him.The reason he is paid more than other managers is because he carries the weight of the whole company.When a department fails and the whole company fails as a result, publicly, the blame falls on the CEO.CEOs will therefore work hard to get the right people around them because those people will help them carry the weight of the company. Though the CEO remains publicly accountable, he will be happier when he knows he has the right team to help him deliver.If you manage to join this team, there are some good things which will come your way. You can expect a higher salary and some great benefits.Obviously, the team has to be motivated enough and have their efforts recognized and valued.Wouldn’t you like to be part of the CEO’s inner circle?5. Take risksRelated to taking responsibility, you have to be a risk taker. The higher you go in leadership and towards achieving your goals, the more you need to take risks. And the risks are not just more in number but also in magnitude.Taking risks shows your ability to step up and take responsibility. You can do this by offering to help in risky assignments which others are afraid of being involved in. Show that you understand the risks involved and are willing to be part of the team.Once in, ensure you give yourself to it. Remember the big picture you learned earlier? Have that in mind and see how this risky project adds to the overall company success.Then, to get a genuine motivation to work hard in the project, connect y our career objectives with the project’s goals.In taking risks and being involved in risky projects, you’ll also learn and show your ability to handle stress. Stress is a part of top positions and the more ability you have in handling stress,t he better your chances of being elevated and staying elevated.6. Fix problemsAnother way of getting on the CEO’s radar is by fixing problems. And the good thing is that you don’t have to aim at fixing big problems. Just start small so you don’t get seen as being aggressive and too ambitious.Starting small will also help you get your colleagues’ support. This is because solving problems at your team’s level helps them have an easier time. Their efficiency will improve and productivity increase.Fixing problems means that you should take the initiative. Just because a problem has existed for many years doesn’t mean it should continue existing. When you notice a problem affecting your team, start by getting information about it.Ask your colleagues who’ve been around for longer than you. Ask your manager if possible. Do your own analysis and come up with some suggestions. Share this with the team and show them how fixing the problem will benefit them.If they agree on the suggested solution but don’t seem willing to put in the effort, just get started. Despite working alone, try your best to maintain a positive attitude towards the team.Be jovial and encourage them daily to join you.Always tell them how you believe the solution is possible and you see how the benefits will make the team better equipped for the tasks ahead.After some time, hopefully, someone will join you. By the time the solution is fully implemented and results are evident, everyone will be seeing you differently.7. Learn to communicateYou will also need to be good in communication if you’re to get on the CEO’s radar, there will have to be some communication going on.Your thoughts and ideas have to be communicated. The solutions you pr opose will have to be given as a presentation in front of the CEO at one point in time. The project report you write will have to be in good grammar.As long as you work on these things, the CEO will notice you even before you know it. But what will matter is how you act while before him. You don’t want to mess the opportunity you get.Understand that the CEO is busy. As such, you have to know how to present information to busy executives.Do not go into too much details about anything. Understand the details then make conclusions from them.Present your findings in a way that shows you understand the situation. And when it comes to proposing your solution, make it actionable.Set clear goals, break the process into steps and show who is to do what.Remember that your aim is to show the CEO that you can make his work lighter. He needs to know that with you as a decision maker, the company will move forward faster.8. Become an expert at somethingFinally, here is a must if you want to mak e it to the CEOs list of great team members. You need to become an expert at something.Think about it.When the CEO calls for an important meeting, who does he call? The whole company?He may call the heads of the different departments in the company if he wants to communicate a strategic move. But if he wants to formulate the strategy, he will call a different group of people.The departmental heads may be part of the team if they’ve proved themselves. If not, he will work with   people who have expertise on specific matters. You can call these people experts. You can also refer to them as consultants.Consultants are present in every industry.These are known to understand the industry and can give advice where many are not able to. They have both theoretic knowledge and practical experience.They set up private practices and charge for their advice.If the CEO can have such a person coming from his company, it will be a joy for him. He will ensure you’re well taken care of since he cannot afford to lose you.All you have to do to get there is decide what area to be an expert in. If you’re already on that career path, well and good. If not, make the necessary changes and start the journey.Attend classes and offer to get involved in projects which will utilize the skills you have learned.Do lots of research since you have to be updated on matters concerning your industry.It will not be long before you get recognized for your efforts and get the reward you’re seeking.CONCLUSIONGetting on the CEO’s radar is the fastest way to your career success.Having said that, getting there in itself is not something that will happen in a day.The best way to see it is as a journey. If you focus on it too much, you may fail because there will be no company interest in your efforts. Align your career goals with the company’s goals.Then, when you work on the company’s goals, you’ll also be growing your career.As you seek to make things happen at work, your efforts will be noticed and more responsibilities will come your way. Look at responsibilities as opportunities.Handle them well and you’ll soon get an invitation to climb higher.

Is College Worth A Education - 1140 Words

Is college worth attending? Many graduating students are leaving college today with enormous amounts of student’s loans debt. Sometimes they do not obtain the college degree that they were going to school for. Today many induvial believe that getting a good education is the key to success in our society. There are issues that challenge the notion of higher education being worth its price. While in college, many students suffer stress from all the school work and responsibilities that is required of today colleges and universities. We are for all intents and purposes raised and adapted to trust that one needs advanced education with a specific end goal to succeed in life. As innovation is continually progressing and personal computers are†¦show more content†¦They choice to accept these low paying jobs is not just because they are not able to find employment in their chosen field. Even with a bachelor or master degree one must understand there will always be massive competition for every highly compensating job. Some students attends college and make the best grades as other students do not. If a student is unable to handle the stress of college work they will often fail. Even If a student don’ts make the grades they still have to pay for their classes. There have been same studies to see if college is worth the cost. So far college most of the time is not worth it. When the average induvial thinks about attending college they usually thank the end result will be a higher paying job. It doesn’t matter what level degree one has, there will always be completion for any job. It just a beneficial speculation that many people have the idea that college will always lead to higher paying job. This is not always the case. Michelle Adam states â€Å"the study reported that a majority of Americans (57%) say that the higher education system in the United States fails to provide students with good value for the money.† That’s more than half of students that are going to college and not getting what they thought they would from college. The high education is going in the wrong direction. In this century many induvial are not obtaining this dream higher

Relationship Between Drug And Alcohol - 884 Words

The first thing that the course has helped to understand in relation to drug and alcohol is the different terms that are used when counseling a person. This is the general terms that are used when counseling a patient. For example, it is not good to use terms like â€Å"you are wrong,† â€Å"you do not know† or â€Å"you are foolish.† The course has helped to learn the new terms that I will be using like, â€Å"instead of saying you are wrong,† you can say, â€Å"that is another good reason.† Additionally, it has helped us to learn the tone of language that is to be used. When counseling a patient, one should always be calm and always be positive about what the patient is feeling and thinking. It is also in this unit of general psychology that we have learned how very different people behave in the different ways. This is where the course has taught me why different people behave as they do and why they end up drinking. Stress is one factor that makes people end up becoming alcoholic or turning into drugs. Additionally, drug abuse and alcoholism have also been known to be hereditary from the recent research studies that have been done by the different scholars. It is through this course that we have learned the very many reasons as to why people behave in different ways and why they take drugs or alcohol. I have learned the different forms of therapy that are used in counseling in this course. This is where the introduction to therapy is done. One way of helping a drug or an alcohol addict to stopShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Drug And Alcohol Abuse And Domestic Violence1773 Words   |  8 Pagesthe relationship between drug and alcohol abuse and domestic violence? The relationship between alcohol or other substance abuse and domestic violence is very complicated. A prevailing myth about domestic violence is that alcohol and drugs are the major causes of domestic abuse. 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Provisional data from 1991 showRead MoreAlcohol Abuse Essay 171300 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol Abuse Drinking alcohol is woven into the social fabric of our culture, and indeed many people enjoy the social and cultural connection of sharing a drink together. However, because drinking is so common in our society, realizing you or a loved one has a drinking problem can be a challenge.   The consequences of alcohol abuse are serious. Alcohol abuse causes extensive damage to your health, your loved ones, and society. It results in thousands of innocent deaths each year, and exacerbates

Medieval Manuscripts And Modern Media Free Essays

The history of written literature is long and fascinating; in Medieval times, manuscripts were made in a laborious and expensive process of using animal skins for pages, feather quills for pens and colored inks to make exquisite bibles and other religious texts. The literary culture of medieval times was very different than today; since books were rare and literacy was low, texts were passed on orally through reading or memory (Mary Swan, 2003). Manuscripts were enormously expensive and the manuscript writers were accomplished artists and mostly monks who composed their work in the cloisters. We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Manuscripts And Modern Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now A typical medieval manuscript began its life as a stretched and treated animal skin (parchment). Next, an outline was sketched then penned using a feather quill of the highest quality. The ink was made of metal gall (usually iron), or oxide, which was a mixture of tannic acids with coppers and thickened with gum Arabic. The main ingredient was oak apple, derived from the leaves and twigs of an oak tree (Diane Victoria Horn, 1997). This mixture of ink containing acids actually etched the parchment and the pigments of ink filled in the etchings and could be reapplied over time to keep the manuscript in pristine condition. Next, gold leaf was applied and burnished, followed by the copying of the text by scribes. The last to be added were the decorations and illustrations, which were elaborate. Finally, the book was bound, the parchments sewn by hand and covered with wood such as ash or beech or oak. The making of a manuscript could take anywhere between days (in the case of a professional scribe paid by the job) or years (in the case of monks, who had other obligations and penned books when duties were done). Because of the amount of time and care involved to make a manuscript, not to mention the employment of highly skilled artisans and scribes, manuscripts were prohibitively expensive to buy and were largely confined to church altars. Bibles were the most copied manuscripts, and eventually churches took a vested interest in teaching nobles and their children to read, using these manuscripts. The manuscripts bore no date of completion, nor the names of the men who made them (Horn). In medieval manuscript culture, originality of text was not the aim of the scribes as it is today with contemporary authors. The scribes simply made copies, embellishing them with the decorations and script of their culture and time (Swan). Unlike today, collections of books were unheard of in terms of the general populace. The churches protected the manuscripts, even as they are today, in museums, cathedrals and the Vatican. These priceless treasures bear the skill and devotion of craft and skill by those who made them. Looking at an original manuscript, one is awed by the care and level of expertise evident in the pages of elaborate decorations. We will now move forward in time to early mass production of books, which began in the 16th century when the codex replaced the roll and book printing and binding was transferred from churches and monasteries to universities and later commercial publishers (David Fernando, 2002). Where in medieval times manuscript bindings were lavishly decorated with ivory, precious gems and gold, subsequent books were leather-bound and decorated with stamp embossing and gold leaf. As book production increased, the use of cloth replaced that of parchment, and paper later replaced cloth. In modern times, bookbinding reflects the art and architecture of the time; books are still hand-bound and very expensive, requiring these editions to be safely stored to prevent damage. Many hand-made books are used as journals, with hand-bound blank pages contained within leather or decorated wood covers. In moving to the 21st century, we now find books readily available at a low cost. The current culture is attracted to books by author and genre, and a book begins as a decision by a publisher to print it. The use of digital technology to reproduce books gives them a rapid distribution and the artwork used is wide and varied depending upon the publisher’s decisions. An original manuscript is put through the process of editing and finishing. Stored electronically and ready to be printed, in a method called offset printing. Today’s books require a certain amount of care and proofreading before going to print, and in stark contrast to manuscripts of old, texts are now fiercely protected under copyright laws and originality is imperative to sales. With the advent of digital texts, e-books, and paperback copies, books are largely taken for granted and handled carelessly without regard to craftsmanship. What was once revered as forbidden territory to be handled lovingly and carefully is now so much a part of everyday life that books are given away, sold to second-hand bookstores, discarded easily or donated to libraries and schools. As with many modern items, books have made the transition from belonging to the few to the many, and what was once reserved for serious study is now used for everything from learning to entertainment. References Ferdinando, David, â€Å"Book Binding Trade.† Ferdinando Family History Site. December 2002, 25 November 2005 http://www.ferdinando.org.uk/book_binding.htm#manuf%20today Horn, Diane Victoria. â€Å"Leaves Of Gold: How Medieval Manuscripts Were Made.† 2000 – 2002. Philadelphia Museum Of Art. 26 November 2005 Swan, Mary. University of Leeds. â€Å"Medieval Manuscript Culture.† The Literary Encyclopedia.   4 Sep. 2003. The Literary Dictionary Company.   27 November 2005. http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=trueUID=1324       How to cite Medieval Manuscripts And Modern Media, Essay examples

Marilyn Monroe free essay sample

A look at what made actress Marilyn Monroes fans consider her almost godlike. A quick look through any magazine article or book about Marilyn Monroe is almost certain to turn up the word goddess. This paper examines why that should be the case, for surely none of her fans believed that she was in fact a divine being equivalent to Athena or Diana? The author feels that it is imperative not to dismiss her elevation to the pantheon as mere hyperbole. While she was certainly beautiful and famous, many other movie stars are also beautiful and famous and yet have not earned her sobriquet of goddess. This paper examines what qualities Marilyn possessed to make her in the eyes of her fans something nearer to divinity than simple mortality. It also contains a brief biography of the star. But how did this tragic story become the biography of a goddess? Its tragedy was perhaps actually an essential element of it, for no doubt what has attracted many people to become fans of Marilyn since her death is the element of tragedy that clings to her. We will write a custom essay sample on Marilyn Monroe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She seems to us to be very much a figure struck down by the fates, a character from the classical world in which peoples own actions matter less than the plans that the gods have for them.